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A Country Year - A Gamekeeper's Winter.

January 1st to January 18th

From the Downham Market Gazette W. G. Clarke (1905) - A ramble in the country after a fall of snow illustrates in a remarkable manner the nocturnal habits of many animals. Surprising evidences of unexpected visitors are often thus furnished. The few badgers in the Eastern counties are more often discovered by this means than any other. Footprints in the snow also tell other tales. In an ordinary way, and when not pressed for time, hares leave a space of about a foot or fourteen inches between their leaps, but when alarmed this is increased to as much as twenty-two inches, the fore track considerably enlarged. In fields of roots the space between the rows is often trodden hard by hares tramping up and down and eating the succulent leaves.

   As a rule the tracks of foxes indicate that they have come out on business bent. There are no aimless wanderings, but always evidence of definite search for prey. When frost is prolonged they will eat almost anything. Footprints of rabbits are similar to those of the hare, the forefeet behind each other and the hind feet level. ​

   The water vole has both pairs of feet close together and the same distance apart; the squirrel and the young rat have the fore-legs closer together than the hind ones. An an old rat, if judged only by his footprints, would seem to walk sideways, both front and hind legs being fairly wide apart. The track of a mouse in the snow is decidedly curious. There is a furrow about two and a quarter inches wide, and one inch and a half deep, with claw-marks on each side. Weasels' tracks are as a rule indistinct, owing to the shortness of their legs. At full speed they sometimes take leaps of twelve inches. Mice and voles often construct tunnels in the snow, and if these are broken open their tiny footmarks and tail tracks are quite distinct. These tunnels are undoubtedly made for purposes of safety, affording protection from hawks and owls, which by day and night are on watch for them. Footprints of a few birds, and a few only, are readily distinguishable, the three-pronged mark of the pheasant, and the slide of the moorhen being among the most conspicuous of the commoner species.

 

From the various books by the Rev. Robert Forby (1830)

Badget - a badger. Brock - a badger

Lobster - the smallest of the weasel tribe, the stoat, or mousehunt.

Minifer - the white stoat or ermin. Mustela erminea. It is sometimes, but very rarely, found in this country in very severe seasons.

Mouse-hunt - the stoat; the smallest animal of the weasel tribe, and pursuing the smallest prey.

Ranny - the shrew-mouse, Sorex araneus. The short-tailed field mouse, Mus agrestis, abounding in moist meadows, is not unfrequently called by the same name, but sometimes distinguished as the water-ranny.

Water-ranny - the short-tailed field mouse.

 

From the Eastern Daily Times (1892)

Mouse-hunt - Female weasel. 

Ranny - Shrew. 

Weasel - Stoat. 

Whitethroat - Male of the common weasel.

A Country Year - A Gamekeeper's Winter.

January 1st to January 18th

From the Norwich Mercury E. Kay Robinson (1902) - A good fall of snow in the evening, overlaying all traces of the day's traffic of beast and bird along the hedgerow and covertside, help the gamekeeper more than a week of watching. Next day the country is spread out like a fair clean sheet of white paper, on which every animal and bird has written for him a story of its doings.

   Along the first hedgerow he comes upon the track of a stoat in the snow - an unmistakeable blazon, because the stoat travels with a precise sort gallop, all four feet being planted so close together that the track often suggests that some two-footed creature with a round blunt foot and a stride of some fifteen inches has passed that way. When the snow is melting the prints of the four little feet become plain; but the keeper knows the track well, and as he tramps down the hedge he keeps his eye on it​. When the stoat is hunting down the hedgerow he makes little excursions, now into the field in quest of roosting ground-birds, now through the hedge, on the chance of hare, hedge-bird or rat; but when the track keeps straight on the keeper knows that the vermin was going somewhere with a definite object. Presently it turns aside up the hedge-bank and into the hedge. The keeper's eye follows it, and sees that it makes a broad smudge through the snow-crests on the bank. This tells the whole story. The stoat kept a straight line down the hedge, because it was going home; and its hunt had been successful. You could not tell this so long as it galloped over the smooth snow, with head upraised. carrying its prey in its mouth: but, in climbing the bank, its load dragged in the snow, making the smudge that caught the keeper's eye. Sometimes the stoat's track will lead across a board over a stream, under a twisted tree-root, or through a hole in a hollow bank. All these will be noted. 

   The weasel footsteps are less compactly planted, but the groups of four are much less widely separated than the stoat's. Indeed the weasel's gallop is scarcely more pronounced than the rat's, though the latter is hall-marked by the clean knife-cut of its trailing tail through the snow. It is always worth while to follow a weasel's track, because it gives you such an insight into the business-like methods of the little vermin. ​​Perhaps you strike it at a gate and follow it some dozen yards, in and out of the hedge; then it goes off at right angles to the cornstack, of which it makes a complete circuit and then passes obliquely to the other hedge. In and out it goes, and at last passes through. So you have to hark back to the gate and take it up on the other side where it goes, with the accuracy of experience, straight across the snow to the end of the little dyke. The banks of this have been very carefully hunted, the little beast jumping the narrow water every few yards. He has a special weakness, one would judge from this, for the snipe which always haunt these little, unfrozen spring-fed dykes in hard weather. He has reconnoitred a few yards of the bank of the trout stream, into which the water of the dyke passes through a drain pipe, and then turned sharply back to the hedge. Here the tracks go in and out, backwards and forwards, until, just as you are despairing of making out which way the little beast has gone, you may see something scuttling, rat-like, through the hedge roots, and catch a glimpse of a snaky head brown head and white throat, raised for a moment to look upon you, with an angry snarl that shows its tiny teeth. The next instant it is gone, and you may as well turn your attention to something else. You will not see that weasel again to-day.​

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A Country Year - A Gamekeeper's Winter.

January 1st to January 18th

​Observations of the Fauna of Norfolk by Richard Lubbock (1845) - The Badger (Ursus meles) is all but extinct with us; a very large one was taken about three years ago near Holt. At Horning, in the neighbourhood of North Walsham, the Badger was frequent at the beginning of this century. In hunting districts it has sometimes been encouraged as the architect for the fox, which takes possession of the badger's earth, as too lazy to make a similar one for himself; this perhaps, has in some places kept the species still in existence.

   Mr. Paget mentions the Martin Cat (Martes fagorum) as formerly occurring at Herringfleet and Toft. I have not been able to verify an instance of its being taken of late years. It is still occasionally found in Essex.

   The Polecat or Foumart (Mustela putorius) is much more common than it at first appears, It is strictly nocturnal, and then often so erratic in its habits that the detection and capture are difficult. Formerly it was supposed that this animal, having established itself in a wood, preyed in the very cover without straying far away; but the Polecat is in habits similar to the Fox, and like that animal will travel miles for booty when it might satiate itself close at home. Some naturalists supposed that the Ferret is nothing more that a domesticated Pole Cat. The one is certainly a most active, the other a slow and torpid animal; but this may arise from close confinement. I know an instance in which three or four ferrets were turned off to free a mill from rats, and after a few weeks of perfect liberty they exhibited all the briskness and agility of the Polecat.

    The Stoat (Mustela erminea), here provincially called a Lobster, makes head against persecution, and the unceasing efforts of gamekeepers. Probably the extensive rabbit warrens and the open nature of great part of the county have encouraged it increase.

   The Weasel (Mustela vulgaris), the last and smallest of this fierce and active tribe, often merits protection instead of pursuit. Whenever it gets into a farm-yard it deserves encouragement from its pursuit of mice and rats. It Norfolk name is Mouse-hunter. Even in the fields it is far found being so pernicious to game as the above mentioned. Mice and moles compose great part of its diet. Even in the spring, when partridges and pheasants are young, in all instances in which I have seen a Weasel with prey in its mouth, the booty has turned out to be a mouse. In contrary is generally the case with the Stoat, the ravages of which amongst game are very great.

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From the Norwich Mercury E. Kay Robinson (1902) - The track that interests the keeper most is that of the poacher. This gentleman is very fond of a country walk when snow covers the ground, and his footmarks show where he stopped from time to time to take note of the converging hare-tracks towards a favourite "run" through the hedge. The hare almost seems to conspire with its human enemies against its own life, so completely does its habit of using well-defined runs, along which it travels at speed whenever it is alarmed. Crossing any large stubble on an estate well-stocked with hares, you will find dozens of these hare-tracks trodden as bare and almost as hard as human pathways, and everyone of them leads to a hole in the fence, a gate, a bridge over the dyke, or a point whence this can be comfortably leaped. Indeed if hares published a diagram of their haunts with asterisks to show where traps ought to be set, they could not serve their human enemies better. It is not folly, however, on the hare's part to act thus, but proper obedience to the instincts which nature has stereotyped in its mind as the best means of escape.

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